PH
PH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. In pure water at 25 °C, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) equals the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). This is defined as "neutral" and corresponds to a pH level of 7.0. Solutions in which the concentration of H+ exceeds that of OH- have a pH value lower than 7.0 and are known as acids. Solutions in which OH- exceeds H+ have a pH value greater than 7.0 and are known as bases. Because pH is dependent on ionic activity, a property which cannot be measured easily or fully predicted theoretically, it is difficult to determine an accurate value for the pH of a solution. The pH reading of a solution is usually obtained by comparing unknown solutions to those of known pH, and there are several ways to do so.
 
Hydrogen Ion (H+)
is recommended by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry )as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished:
  1. Cation (positively charged)
  2. Anion (negatively charged)
 
Alkaline
In chemistry, an alkali is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal element. Alkalis are best known for being bases (compounds with pH greater than 7) that dissolve in water. The adjective alkaline is commonly used in English as a synonym for base, especially for soluble bases.
 
Acids
An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7.0. The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus meaning "sour," but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. There are four common ways to define an acid:
 
Arrhenius : According to this definition developed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), which are carried as hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). This definition limits acids and bases to substances that can dissolve in water.

Brønsted-Lowry : According to this definition, an acid is a proton (hydrogen nucleus) donor and a base is a proton acceptor.

Solvent-system definition : According to this definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in an autodissociating solvent, increases the concentration of the solvonium cations.

Lewis : According to this definition developed by Gilbert N. Lewis, an acid is an electron-pair acceptor and a base is an electron-pair donor.
 
Ionization
Ionization is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.This process works slightly differently depending on whether an ion with a positive or a negative electric charge is being produced. A positively charged ion is produced when an electron bonded to an atom (or molecule) absorbs enough energy to escape from the electric potential barrier that originally confined it, thus breaking the bond and freeing it to move. The amount of energy required is called the ionization potential. A negatively charged ion is produced when a free electron collides with an atom and is subsequently caught inside the electric potential barrier, releasing any excess energy.
 
Oxidation Reduction Potential
(also known as redox potential, oxidation / reduction potential or ORP) is the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced. Each species has its own intrinsic reduction potential; the more positive the potential, the greater the species' affinity for electrons and tendency to be reduced. In aqueous solutions, the reduction potential is the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons when it is subject to change by introduction of a new species. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than the new species will have a tendency to gain electrons from the new species (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing the new species) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential will have a tendency to lose electrons to the new species (i.e. to be oxidized by reducing the new species). Just as the transfer of hydrogen ions between chemical species determines the pH of an aqueous solution, the transfer of electrons between chemical species determines the reduction potential of an aqueous solution. Like pH, the reduction potential represents an intensity factor. It does not characterize the capacity of the system for oxidation or reduction, in much the same way that pH does not characterize the buffering capacity.
 
Source Water
The water that comes out of a faucet. Source water varies depending on the source. Source water varies greatly depending on the treatment process, location and several other factors. Source water can vary greatly from not only state to state but city to city.
 
Hard Water
Hard water is a type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water primarily consists of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful.
 
Soft Water
Soft water the term used to describe types of water that contain few or no calcium or magnesium metal cations. The term is usually related to hard water, which does contain significant amounts of these ions. Soft water usually comes from peat or igneous rock sources, such as granite but may also derive from sandstone sources, since such sedimentary rocks are usually low in calcium and magnesium. There are water softening devices used in households and by industry to remove the hardness-causing minerals from hard water, leaving softer water. Most often, such devices exchange the calcium and magnesium ions in the hard water for sodium ions.
 
Wetter Water
Water that has been ionized changes its molecular structure creating smaller mineral clusters, as measured by the use of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance device and is a more hydrating water than normal tap water. Through electrolysis large tap mineral clusters are reduced from their original size. The smaller cluster size gives the water excellent hydrating properties, high solubility and good permeability.